Chemistry of the Kitchen

Atoms and Molecules Outline

II. Chemistry Refresher

       A. Atomic Structure

1. Parts of the atom

a. nucleus

b. proton

c. neutron

d. electron

e.  some terms

i.  atomic number:

ii.  atomic mass:

iii.  symbols:

f. more info:

i. What is charge?

ii. What sets atomic size?

iii. How do electrons move?

2. Electron shells

a. first shell

b. second shell

c. more info

i. What is potential energy? What is kinetic energy?

ii. What is a valence shell? What are valence electrons?

 

3. Chemical elements

a. The periodic table

i.  Mendeleev first recognized the pattern of the properties of elements (periodicity)

ii.  Periodic Table is a visual aid to periodicity

• chemical and physical properties correlate with the electronic structure of atoms (# of protons/neutrons/electrons)
• electronic structure correlates to position in the table

iii.  Becoming familiar with the periodic table

• period:
• groups or families:

a.

b.

c.

d.  examples:

 

b. The 4 most common elements in life

i. H

ii. C

iii. N

iv. O

c. lesser elements

d. trace elements

e. more info

i. arrangement of electrons in common elements

ii. why called elements?

iii. Why are protons so important?

B. Ions

1. Nature of ions

a.

b. Why study ions?

2. Why ions form

a.

b. Do all ions contain just one atom?

C. Molecules

1. Models of molecules

a. ball and stick

b. space filling

c. molecular

d. structural

2. Is ethanol important?

D. Kinds of bonds

1.

2.

3.

4.  Properties of ionic and covalent bonds

Ionic Bonds	Covalent Bonds

E. Covalent bonds

1. Intro

a. electron movement

b. bonding orbital

c. shaded area

d. more info

i. What do atoms achieve by sharing electrons?

ii. Why does electron sharing hold atoms together?

2. Bonding capacities

a. H

b. O

c. N

d. C

3. The basis of bonding capacity

a.

b. What is the valence of C, N, O and H?

4. Single, Double, and Triple Bonds

a. single

b. double

c. triple

d. more info

i. What is ethane?

ii. What is ethylene?

iii. What is acetylene?

5. Molecular Shape

a. bond angles

b. rotation

c. more info

i. Why study shape of molecules?

ii. Why do bonds orient as they do?

6. Shape with multiple bonds

a. single

b. double

c. triple

7. Polar covalent bonds

a. partial charges

b. more info

i. Why focus on polar covalent bonds?

ii. Which atoms attracts electrons more strongly, O or H?

        O                              H         

F. Electronegativity

1. Introduction

a. scale

O

N

C

H

b. polar bonds

2. Electronegativity and Polarity

G. Ionic Bonds

1. intro

2. Do I know any ionic substances?

H. Polar attractions

1. Intro

a.

b. more info

i. Do I know any polar molecules?

ii. How weak are polar attractions?

iii. Can such weak bonds be important?

iv. Are there non-polar attractions too?

2. H-bonds

a. When do H-bonds occur?

b. more info

i. Why are H-bonds stronger?

ii. How important are H-bonds?

3. Where H-bonds form

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